75 Software Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

Preparing for a software testing interview as a fresher can feel overwhelming, but having the right resources can make all the difference. The world of software testing may seem vast, but focusing on the most commonly asked interview questions can give you a significant edge.

This list with 75+ software testing interview questions for freshers will provide you with the essential questions you should know, helping you to build your confidence and ace your interview.

Knowing what to expect in an interview is a powerful tool. You will gain insights into the types of questions that are frequently posed to freshers, allowing you to effectively prepare and present your skills. Having an understanding of these questions will also help you convey your potential as a valuable addition to any software testing team.

List of Software Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is software testing?

Software testing is a crucial part of developing software. It helps ensure that a software product works correctly and meets the specified requirements. By doing this, developers can find and fix problems before the software is released to users.

During the testing process, you look for any problems that could cause the software to crash or behave unexpectedly. This is important to provide a good user experience.

There are various methods for testing software, including manual and automated techniques. Each method has its benefits and may be used depending on the type of software project.

Interview Question:

Why is software testing important in software development?

Answer:

Software testing is important because it ensures that the product is reliable, meets the expected requirements, and provides users with a flawless experience. It helps identify bugs and issues early in the development cycle.

2. Explain the SDLC phases.

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has several key phases. Understanding these helps in creating and managing software projects effectively.

The first phase is Planning. You gather all project requirements and objectives. You make a roadmap for the entire project here.

Next is the Requirements phase. You collect and document the exact needs of the users. This is crucial for ensuring the final product meets expectations.

The Design phase follows. During this stage, you create the architecture of the software. This step includes both high-level and detailed designs.

Implementation, or coding, is where you write the actual code for the software. It is based on the designs created earlier in the process.

In the Testing phase, you test the software for bugs and errors. The goal is to ensure it functions as expected without any issues.

Deployment is next. You release the software to the users. It involves setting up the software in its intended environment.

Finally, there’s Maintenance. You provide ongoing support to fix issues and make improvements as needed. This phase ensures the software remains useful over time.

A typical interview question for a software tester might be: “What is the purpose of the Testing phase in SDLC?” Your answer should focus on how testing ensures the software is reliable and meets the user’s needs without errors.

3. Define black box testing.

Black box testing is a method used in software testing where you do not need to know the internal workings of the software. You focus on the inputs and expected outputs. This approach allows you to assess the software’s functionality based on its requirements and specifications.

In this form of testing, you interact with the software as an end user would. You provide inputs, execute functions, and observe the outputs to see if they match the expected results. This helps you ensure that the software behaves correctly from a user’s perspective.

A common technique in black box testing is testing boundaries. This is known as Boundary Value Analysis. You create test cases that focus on the edge cases of input values. This process helps you find errors at the boundaries rather than in the centre of data.

Interview Question: What is black box testing?

Answer: Black box testing evaluates software functionality by providing inputs and examining outputs without considering internal code details. It checks if the software meets its requirements.

4. What is white box testing?

White box testing is a software testing method. In this approach, you inspect the internal systems and code. It is often referred to as clear or glass box testing. This type of testing involves looking at the logic of the code, paths, and conditions.

The main aim is to ensure that every part of the code operates correctly. You will focus on statement, branch, and path coverage. It helps in finding coding errors more efficiently.

Knowledge of programming and a clear grasp of the code structure is important for this. White box testing requires skills in designing test cases that cover all possible paths in the code.

Interview Question: What is the main difference between white box testing and black box testing?

Answer: The main difference is that white box testing focuses on the internal logic and code structure, while black box testing centres on the output by testing the software’s functionality without looking at the code.

5. Describe different test levels.

In software testing, there are various test levels to ensure a product’s quality and functionality. These levels include unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Each level focuses on a different aspect of the software and serves a specific purpose.

Unit testing is the first level, where individual components or pieces of code are tested. It checks that each part works as intended. Developers often perform these tests and use them to catch errors early.

Integration testing comes next. It tests how well different units or modules work together. This level helps identify interface defects between modules that were successful in unit testing.

System testing evaluates the entire system’s compliance with specified requirements. At this level, testers focus on the software as a whole to ensure that all elements function together seamlessly.

Acceptance testing is the final level in the process. It determines if the software meets business needs and is ready for delivery. This testing often involves client input to make sure the product is satisfactory for end users.

Interview Question: What are the different test levels, and how do they differ from each other?

Possible Answer: Test levels include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. Unit testing checks parts of the software. Integration testing focuses on the interaction between units. System testing assesses the entire system against requirements, while acceptance testing ensures the product meets user needs and is ready for deployment.

6. What is a regression test?

A regression test checks if a software application still works properly after any changes, updates, or fixes.

You run these tests to ensure that new code does not break or negatively affect the software’s existing functionality.

When you add new features, a regression test helps ensure the old features are not disrupted or broken.

Question for interview: “Why is regression testing important in software development?”

Answer: Regression testing is vital because it ensures that recent changes do not introduce bugs into existing functionality. This helps maintain software quality and reliability throughout its development lifecycle. Regular regression testing reduces the risk of defects going unnoticed after modifications.

7. Explain test case design.

Test case design is a crucial part of software testing. As a fresher, you should know that test cases help verify that a software application works as expected. They include step-by-step instructions to validate different features and functionality.

A well-designed test case improves the reliability and quality of the software. It also helps find defects and ensures comprehensive testing coverage. Your job is to create test cases that are clear and easy to follow.

When preparing test cases, consider including valid inputs and expected outcomes. Good test cases cover both positive and negative scenarios. This ensures that the application reacts correctly to both expected and unexpected inputs.

Question: What makes a good test case?

Answer: A good test case is simple, clear, and comprehensive. It should detail steps that are repeatable and easy to understand. It also covers different test scenarios, including potential errors, to ensure the software behaves as intended.

8. Define a Test Plan

A test plan is a crucial document in software testing. It outlines the strategy and scope of testing activities. You describe the objectives and resources needed for the testing process. It includes the schedule and test items that need evaluation.

You identify the roles and responsibilities of the team members involved. A well-defined test plan helps manage testing effectively. It ensures everyone understands what needs to be tested and what the criteria for success are.

Interview Question: What components are typically included in a test plan?

Answer: A test plan usually contains the test scope, objectives, schedule, resources, test environment, test items, deliverables, and risk analysis. It might also outline responsibilities and testing criteria to ensure clarity throughout the testing phase.

9. What is a use case?

A use case is a description of how users interact with a system. It defines the steps performed to achieve a specific goal. This helps developers and testers understand how the software should work from an end-user’s perspective. It includes scenarios for normal use, as well as potential issues that could arise.

In software testing, use cases guide the creation of test cases. By understanding the use case, you can identify what needs to be tested to ensure those user interactions work correctly. It helps in verifying that the software meets the requirements of the user.

Consider this question often asked during interviews: “How would you create test cases based on a use case?” You can answer by explaining that you would first analyse the use case steps, identify the inputs and expected outputs, and then build test cases to verify each step’s correctness.

Use cases often include details like actors (users or external systems), preconditions, and postconditions. They can vary in complexity based on the system’s functionality. Use cases focus on what the system does, not how it does it, making them essential in defining software behaviour.

Understanding use cases is vital because they ensure that user expectations are aligned with the delivered features. By focusing on user interactions, you ensure that the resulting software will be user-friendly and effective.

10. Differentiate bug and defect.

In software testing, understanding the terms “bug” and “defect” is crucial. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they have specific meanings. A defect in software is any flaw that causes the software to deviate from its expected behaviour.

A bug, on the other hand, is a specific type of defect. It refers to an error in the code that leads to incorrect or unexpected functionality. Bugs are discovered during testing before the software goes into production.

Question: How do you explain the difference between a bug and a defect to a non-technical person?

Answer: Imagine you’re baking a cake. If you forget to add sugar, that’s a defect because the final product won’t taste right. If the recipe had a step that made the cake taste bad, it would be like a bug, a mistake in the process itself.

11. Describe alpha testing

Alpha testing is a type of software testing performed to find bugs before the product is released to real users. It is usually done by the developers or a dedicated testing team in a controlled environment. This helps to catch issues early and fix them before the software moves on to beta testing.

In alpha testing, the goal is to simulate the real-world use of the software. Testers focus on functional and usability issues to ensure the software behaves as expected. This stage does not involve the end-users but rather internal staff who can provide feedback as if they are the end-users.

A common interview question for freshers is: “What are the challenges you might face during alpha testing?” A possible answer could be: “During alpha testing, you might face difficulties in replicating user behaviour accurately. Also, since it is done in a controlled environment, some real-world issues may not be detected until later stages.”

12. What is beta testing?

Beta testing is a stage in software development where the software is released to a limited audience outside of the company. This group, often called beta testers, uses the software in real-life situations. The goal is to identify any issues that were not found during earlier testing phases.

You will likely encounter beta testing after alpha testing, which is usually done in-house. In beta testing, real users help expose bugs that developers might have missed. This feedback is crucial for making improvements before the final release.

An interview question you might be asked is: “Why is beta testing important?” A suitable answer could be: “Beta testing is vital because it offers developers feedback from real-world users. This helps catch bugs in different environments and improves the software’s performance and user experience before it reaches a wider audience.”

13. Explain integration testing

Integration testing is a crucial stage in the software development process. During this phase, different software modules are combined and tested as a group. It helps in identifying issues that may occur when modules are integrated.

You focus on interactions between units to ensure they work together properly. This stage follows unit testing where individual components are tested alone.

The primary goal is to detect faults in the interaction between integrated units. Integration testing can be done using different approaches like top-down, bottom-up, or a combination of both, which is known as sandwich testing.

You might be asked: “How do you perform integration testing?” Your answer could highlight that you start by combining modules progressively and testing them. You can use test drivers and test stubs to simulate the interaction if not all parts are ready.

14. Define System Testing

System testing is a crucial step in software development where the entire system is evaluated. It ensures that all components interact as expected and that the software meets the specified requirements.

In this testing phase, the focus is on the system as a whole, rather than individual parts. You test the integrated application for overall functionality and performance.

It includes various types of tests such as load testing, stress testing, and functional testing. Each type checks the system’s behaviour under different conditions.

An interview question you might encounter is:

“What does system testing verify?”

The answer: It verifies the end-to-end system specifications and checks if all software modules work together as intended.

By focusing on the complete system, you can identify issues that were not visible in earlier testing phases. This stage helps ensure that the software application performs correctly in its real-world environment.

15. Describe acceptance testing

Acceptance testing is a key phase in software testing. It focuses on verifying if a system meets the business requirements and is ready for delivery. This testing is done from the perspective of users to ensure the software behaves as expected.

You can break down acceptance testing into different types. User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is where actual users test the system in real-world scenarios to ensure it meets their needs. Operational Acceptance Testing checks if the software can be operated and maintained within its intended environment.

Understanding acceptance testing involves knowing when it’s performed. This type of testing usually happens after system testing and before the product goes live. At this stage, the software should be almost ready to release, with major bugs already fixed.

In an interview, you might be asked:

Question: What is the purpose of acceptance testing in software development?

Answer: Acceptance testing validates that the software functions according to business requirements and is ready for production. It ensures that all stakeholders agree the software works correctly and meets users’ needs.

16. What is performance testing?

Performance testing is a critical aspect of software testing. It measures how well a system performs under specific conditions. This involves testing the software’s responsiveness, stability, and scalability under load. You aim to ensure that the software can handle expected user demands effectively.

When you perform performance testing, you evaluate the application’s speed and capability. You look at how quickly the application responds to requests and how stable it remains under stress. This can help identify bottlenecks and limits of the system.

In an interview, you might be asked: “Can you explain the main goals of performance testing?”

Your answer could include verifying that the system meets speed, stability, and scalability requirements. This involves simulating user interactions and testing different scenarios to prevent potential failures in real-world usage. Performance testing ensures user satisfaction by maintaining application efficiency.

17. Explain load testing.

Load testing is used to check how an application performs under expected user loads. It helps to identify performance bottlenecks before the software goes live. Load testing ensures that software can handle its users effectively.

In an interview, you might be asked: “What is the main goal of load testing?” You can answer by explaining that the main goal is to ensure that the application can handle the expected number of users without crashing or slowing down.

When conducting load testing, you simulate multiple users using the software at the same time. This helps in understanding how the software behaves under real-world conditions. It’s particularly important for applications that expect high traffic, like e-commerce sites.

Another question you might face is: “Why is load testing important?” Load testing is crucial because it helps in ensuring the reliability and stability of the software under peak usage periods. It allows developers to make necessary improvements to maintain performance.

Tools like Apache JMeter or LoadRunner are often used for load testing. They help simulate the load and monitor the application’s response. Knowing how to use these tools can be a plus point in interviews.

You might also be asked: “What challenges do you face during load testing?” Potential answers include dealing with accurate load simulation, the complexity of test scripts, and the environment setup. Each presents its own unique difficulties that need addressing during the testing process.

18. Define Stress Testing

Stress testing is a way to see how a system behaves under extreme conditions. It helps determine the system’s breaking point by subjecting it to loads beyond normal operational capacity. This test identifies potential crashes or performance issues.

In an interview, you might be asked: “Why is stress testing important?”

You could answer that it ensures a system can handle unexpected conditions without failing. This is crucial for maintaining reliable performance during peak usage times.

Another question might be: “What is the main goal of stress testing?”

You can reply that it aims to uncover weaknesses in a system, ensuring issues are addressed before going live. Recognising these vulnerabilities helps improve the overall robustness.

Imagine being asked: “How does stress testing differ from performance testing?”

A good reply would be that while both test system limits, stress testing focuses on extreme conditions, whereas performance testing assesses normal operational limits.

Knowing the differences between stress and other testing types is key. For example, some might mistake stress testing for load testing. Stress testing pushes the system beyond its limits, while load testing examines how it functions within expected levels.

19. What is usability testing?

Usability testing is a technique used to evaluate how easily users can navigate and interact with a website, app, or digital product. It is an essential part of software development and aims to ensure the product is user-friendly.

This process involves real users who try out the product to find any issues with its ease of use. It focuses on understanding how intuitive and accessible the interface is for the end user.

In an interview, you might be asked: “Why is usability testing important in software development?” A suitable answer would be: Usability testing is important as it helps identify areas that may confuse users or make their experience less enjoyable, ensuring the final product meets user needs effectively.

You might also be asked: “How does usability testing differ from other types of testing?” An effective answer would note that usability testing specifically focuses on the user’s experience and satisfaction, whereas other testing types might focus on functionality, performance, or security.

Usability tests can be conducted in-person or remotely, depending on the project needs. They help developers make necessary adjustments before releasing the final version of the software.

Understanding usability testing involves learning about user behaviours, preferences, and interaction patterns. This feedback is crucial in making the software more aligned with user expectations and can lead to higher customer satisfaction.

20. Explain the V-model

The V-model is a software development process that follows a sequential path, similar to the traditional waterfall model. Each development phase has a corresponding testing phase, which helps maintain quality throughout the project. This approach ensures that testing activities are integrated early and continuously as the project progresses.

In the V-model, requirements are gathered first and become the foundation for the entire process. This is followed by system design, architecture design, and module design. Each stage of design is paired with testing phases like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

You should be prepared to answer questions about how the V-model facilitates error detection. By linking development and testing phases directly, any errors can be identified and addressed early on, reducing the cost and effort involved in future stages.

Understanding how the V-model works allows you to explain its advantages, like clear milestones and well-organised processes. This model is especially useful for projects with well-defined requirements, where changes are not expected once the development begins. As a fresher, knowing the V-model emphasises your awareness of structured testing approaches.

One interview question you might face is: “How does the V-model minimise risks during software development?” You could respond by explaining how early testing reduces the likelihood of errors being found late, thereby managing risk effectively. Be ready to discuss both the strengths and challenges of using the V-model in real-world projects.

21. Describe agile testing

Agile testing is a type of software testing that follows the principles of agile software development. It is an iterative process and focuses on customer satisfaction and flexibility. Agile testing integrates testing into the development process, which means you test early and often as the application is being developed.

You are likely to work closely with the development team and adapt to changing requirements. Instead of waiting to test at the end of development, you will continuously test as new pieces of code are written. This helps find and fix bugs early in the process.

In agile testing, communication is key. You’ll collaborate with developers, product owners, and other stakeholders to ensure that the software meets the requirements. Testing is not a separate phase, but a part of the ongoing process from start to finish.

Interview Question:

Q: As a tester, what is your approach when requirements change continuously in an agile environment?

A: In an agile environment, I would prioritise communication with the team to understand the new requirements. I would update test cases to align with the changes and ensure continuous testing to catch any new defects. Staying flexible and proactive is important to adapt to ongoing changes.

Agile testing methods include test-driven development (TDD) and behaviour-driven development (BDD). In TDD, you write tests before the code. In BDD, you base your tests on the expected behaviour of the software. These methods help improve code quality and ensure the software works as expected.

22. What is a test suite?

A test suite is a collection of test cases that are designed to test a specific function or feature of a software application. It is organised in a way that allows you to execute all the included test cases together.

Test suites help ensure that each feature or function is working as expected. You can group similar test cases to make testing more efficient.

In an interview, you might be asked: “Can you explain the purpose of a test suite?” You could respond by saying that it helps manage the execution of multiple test cases, providing a systematic approach to testing an application.

Test suites also make it easier for testers to repeat tests in future cycles. You can update them as the application evolves, ensuring coverage of new features while checking that existing features still work.

By keeping test cases organised in a test suite, you can track which tests have been run and identify which tests need updates or improvements. This helps in maintaining a structured approach to software testing.

23. Explain a Test Cycle

A test cycle in software testing is a phase where you execute a set of tests on a software version to ensure its quality. Each cycle helps in discovering defects and verifying if previous fixes have resolved earlier issues.

The cycle begins with planning. You select the tests you want to conduct and gather necessary resources. You then execute these tests, carefully noting any defects. Following this, evaluation occurs.

A question you might face in an interview is: “How do you handle issues discovered during a test cycle?” A suitable response is, “You document them clearly and communicate with the development team to prioritise fixes, ensuring proper retesting afterwards.”

Retesting involves running the same tests after developers fix the detected defects. This ensures that the issues were adequately addressed. After this, regression testing checks if new code changes have affected existing features.

Deciding when a test cycle ends is crucial. It concludes when all planned tests are executed, major defects are resolved, and quality is deemed sufficient.

A test cycle is an essential part of quality assurance that repeats until the software meets acceptance criteria. This iterative approach helps in gradually enhancing the software’s stability and quality.

24. Define a testing framework.

A testing framework is a set of guidelines or rules used for creating and designing test cases. It provides the structure for writing and executing tests in an organised way.

These frameworks can include coding standards, test-data handling methods, and processes for storing results.

Using a testing framework helps in maintaining consistent test structures and increases the efficiency of testing processes.

Interview Question:

Question: What is a testing framework, and why is it important?

Answer: A testing framework is a set of rules or guidelines for testing software. It helps test engineers write and run tests systematically. Using a framework ensures consistency, improves efficiency, and makes test maintenance easier.

25. What is exploratory testing?

Exploratory testing is a method where you test without a strict plan or script. You interact with the software like an end-user, looking for issues as you go. It is a flexible approach that encourages creativity and discovery.

This type of testing relies heavily on your experience and intuition. By acting freely, you can often find unusual bugs that automated tests might miss.

Question: How would you carry out exploratory testing on a new app feature?

Answer: You would start by understanding the feature’s purpose and its expected behaviour. Then, by navigating through the app and trying various inputs, you look for anything unexpected or wrong, noting down any issues you find along the way.

26. Explain End-to-End Testing

End-to-end (E2E) testing is a crucial phase in software testing where the entire application flow is tested from start to finish. It simulates real-world scenarios, allowing you to ensure that the system works as expected across all integrated components and systems.

By utilising E2E testing, you verify that data is flowing correctly between different parts of the application. This step helps to identify any issues in the interaction between subsystems.

E2E tests are usually conducted after unit testing and integration testing. They provide a final check to ensure that all processes, including external interfaces, function seamlessly.

A key advantage of end-to-end testing is that it catches issues missed by other testing types. It can reveal problems with the software behaviour when different components work together.

In an interview, you might be asked the following question:

Question: Why is end-to-end testing important in software development?

Answer: End-to-end testing is important because it checks the complete flow of an application, ensuring that all components work together properly. It helps identify any integration issues early, improving the software’s reliability before it reaches users.

27. Define defect tracking

Defect tracking is a key part of software testing. It involves identifying, documenting, and managing defects found during testing. This process helps ensure that issues are addressed efficiently. When defects are tracked, it becomes easier for teams to communicate about problems and work on solutions.

As a fresher, you might be asked: “What does defect tracking involve?” You can answer by explaining that it starts with identifying a defect, followed by creating a detailed defect report. This report includes information about the defect, how to reproduce it, and its impact on the software.

The report is then assigned to the relevant team member. It’s important to follow up on these defects and check their status. This might involve setting priorities or marking them as resolved once fixed. Regular updates help keep everyone informed about the progress of defect resolution.

By keeping organised records, teams can track trends of defects, understand recurring issues, or better manage resources. This makes defect tracking a valuable skill for any software tester.

28. What is a test strategy?

A test strategy is a high-level document that outlines the goals, approach, and resources for testing a software project. It serves as a guide for the testing process and helps ensure consistency and clarity.

In an interview, you might be asked: “What are the components of a test strategy?”

A test strategy typically includes details about the testing scope, test objectives, resources, schedule, and environment. It defines what types of tests will be performed and the testing levels.

It also covers the tools and techniques to be used and any risks or issues that need consideration.

Your role in following a test strategy is crucial, as it ensures that testing aligns with the project goals. Understanding this document will help you carry through testing activities efficiently and according to plan.

Familiarising yourself with the test strategy helps you prioritise testing tasks and manage time and resources effectively.

29. Explain ad hoc testing.

Ad hoc testing is an informal approach to software testing. It does not rely on any planned strategies or documented test cases.

You use this method to explore the software freely to find bugs and issues. This type of testing helps uncover unexpected errors quickly. You draw on your experience and intuition to guide the exploration.

Your main goal with ad hoc testing is to identify any obvious problems that might not be caught through structured testing.

While it lacks a formal structure, it requires a good understanding of the software and its purpose. You should be able to anticipate how the application is supposed to behave.

Interview question:

What skills are important in ad hoc testing?

A good understanding of the application, strong problem-solving skills, and creativity are important in ad hoc testing. You need to think on your feet and explore the software from different angles. These skills help you find unanticipated issues.

30. Describe unit testing.

Unit testing is one of the foundational methods in software testing. It involves examining the smallest parts of an application, known as units, to ensure they operate correctly. Each unit is tested separately, often by developers, to catch bugs early in the development process. This helps in saving time and reducing errors in later stages.

In a typical unit test, you write code to test specific parts of a program. This test code assesses whether a small portion, like a function or method, returns the expected outcome when given a set of inputs. Automated testing tools often script these tests to run them quickly and frequently.

Unit tests are beneficial because they create a safety net for code changes. If you alter a section of code, the associated unit tests can immediately show whether the change affects the unit’s correct functioning. This allows for safer and more efficient code maintenance.

A common interview question is: “What are the main benefits of unit testing?” A clear answer might be that unit testing helps in detecting issues early, ensures individual components perform their functions, and provides clarification on the code’s expected behaviour. It also supports easier code refactoring as developers can modify code without fear of breaking existing functionality.

31. What is traceability matrix?

A traceability matrix is a document in software testing.

It links test cases to the corresponding requirements of a project. This ensures that all parts of the project requirements are covered by the test cases.

By maintaining this document, you can quickly check if all requirements have been tested.

A traceability matrix is crucial for finding gaps in coverage.

It helps in managing changes and verifying that project requirements are met. This ensures quality in the software development process.

An interviewer might ask: “How would you use a traceability matrix in a project?” Explain that you would use it to map requirements to test cases. Highlight that it helps ensure thorough testing.

32. Explain boundary value analysis.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) is a technique in software testing that focuses on the edges of input ranges. It involves testing the boundary values where errors are usually found. When inputs are near these boundaries, the chances of faults increase, making it essential to test these points.

In practice, BVA targets the limits of an input domain. For example, if inputs range from 1 to 10, BVA tests values like 0, 1, 10, and 11. This method helps identify any issues in the code when the input is at its limit.

Here’s a common interview question: “What is the purpose of using boundary value analysis in testing?” Your answer should highlight that BVA helps detect errors at the boundaries of input domains, ensuring the software handles edge cases effectively.

Using boundary values ensures that the software behaves as expected at the extremes of input ranges. This strategy is part of black-box testing, meaning it doesn’t require knowledge of the code structure. Instead, it focuses on inputs and expected outputs.

Testing these edge cases can reveal unexpected behaviour or errors in software. By doing so, BVA makes it possible to improve the reliability and robustness of your software.

33. Define equivalence partitioning

Equivalence partitioning is a software testing technique used to reduce the number of test cases while ensuring effective coverage. It categorises input data into partitions or sections where each represents a group that is expected to behave similarly.

By testing just one condition from each partition, you can assume the others will be equally validated.

This approach helps in identifying errors by selecting representative values effectively from each partition. It makes testing efficient by reducing redundant steps and focusing on critical test cases that reveal possible faults.

In black-box testing, equivalence partitioning is often used to simplify testing inputs by selecting data that represent each partition or range.

Interview Question

• What is equivalence partitioning in software testing, and how does it benefit the testing process?
• Equivalence partitioning divides data into groups where all behave alike. It benefits testing by minimising the number of test cases needed, saving time, and ensuring comprehensive coverage. This approach highlights potential issues more efficiently.

34. What is smoke testing?

Smoke testing is a preliminary check usually done to see if the basic functions of the software work properly. It acts like a first pass before the main testing begins. Think of it as a way to ensure the software build is stable enough to proceed with more in-depth testing.

In smoke testing, you check if critical functionalities, like launching the application or simple operations, work without crashing. This testing is vital because if these basic features fail, there’s no point in continuing with detailed tests.

This type of testing is sometimes called “Build Verification Testing” or “Build Acceptance Testing.” It quickly identifies any major issues that are show-stoppers. This saves time and effort that might be wasted if you continue testing a flawed build.

As a fresher, you might be asked in an interview: “Why is smoke testing important?” A good answer is that it helps to confirm that the major functions of the software are working after each build. It’s a quick way to detect and fix major flaws early on, ensuring the software is reliable enough for further testing stages.

35. Explain sanity testing.

Sanity testing is a kind of software testing. It is done after receiving a software build. This build usually has minor changes in code or functionalities. The aim is to make sure that the recent changes have fixed the bugs. You also want to ensure that no new issues have been introduced due to these changes.

You might wonder how sanity testing differs from smoke testing. Smoke testing checks whether basic functions work before starting detailed testing. In contrast, sanity testing verifies specific functionalities after changes. Both are essential but serve different purposes during the testing phases.

An interviewer may ask, “Why would you conduct sanity testing?” You can answer that it helps confirm that specific updates or bug fixes do not affect other parts of the software. This ensures stability and functionality without going through extensive testing again.

36. Describe a test summary report.

A test summary report is a document that provides an overview of the testing activities and results. It summarises the outcomes of the testing phases and highlights the successes and areas for improvement. Test summary reports are essential during software development as they help stakeholders understand the quality level and readiness of the product.

You should include details about the test objectives, test methodologies, and tools used. The document should also provide information about the number of tests executed, test pass and fail rates, and the number of defects found. Additionally, it’s important to mention the severity of the defects and the resolution status.

What is the significance of a test summary report?

The report communicates the overall testing status and any risks or issues detected during testing. It ensures all teams, including developers and managers, are on the same page regarding product quality. As a fresher, understanding how to read and contribute to a test summary report is essential for aligning with team efforts and project goals.

37. What is test data?

Test data is the information you use while testing software. It is essential for software testers to ensure that the software behaves as expected under different conditions.

You might create test data manually or use automated tools. It can include inputs, user actions, and any data that a software application might process.

In a typical interview, you may be asked: “Why is test data important?” A good response would be: “Test data is crucial because it allows us to verify that software functions correctly. It helps identify defects and ensures the end product meets user expectations.”

Understanding how to manage test data can set you apart. Being able to prepare and organise test data effectively demonstrates thoroughness and attention to detail.

Interviewers might further ask: “How do you maintain test data?” You could explain: “I maintain test data by regularly updating it to reflect real-world scenarios. I also ensure it’s consistent and relevant to avoid introducing errors into the testing process.”

Being familiar with strategies for creating accurate test data is important. It could involve using anonymised real-world data to make tests more realistic without compromising privacy.

Efficient test data management supports better testing outcomes. It helps ensure that testing environments mimic actual user conditions, which is key to delivering quality software.

38. Define defect lifecycle

The defect lifecycle, also known as the bug lifecycle, tracks the journey of a defect from discovery to resolution. It is crucial in software testing for managing and addressing defects efficiently.

When a defect is first reported, it’s logged with specific details. This includes its location in the software, a description, and steps to reproduce the problem. The defect’s status is set to “new”.

Next, the defect is assigned to a developer or a team tasked with investigating the issue. During investigation, the defect’s status changes to “assigned”. This ensures accountability and streamlines the process.

Once the issue has been investigated, the defect’s status either becomes “open” if it’s valid, or “rejected” if deemed not a defect or a duplicate. If there’s uncertainty, it might be marked “deferred” for later attention.

If confirmed as valid, the defect is then worked on. The developer makes the necessary modifications to the codebase. Once resolved, its status changes to “fixed”, meaning the problem has been addressed but not yet confirmed.

The defect is tested again to ensure the solution is effective. If testing confirms the defect is resolved, its status is updated to “closed”. If not, it’s returned to the “reopen” status, indicating further action is required.

Question: How would you handle a situation where your reported defect gets rejected by developers during the defect lifecycle?

Answer: You should first verify the defect’s details and steps to reproduce it. If accurate, provide additional evidence or examples to support your claim. Clear communication with the developers can often resolve misunderstandings.

39. Explain configuration testing.

Configuration testing is a technique used to verify that software behaves as expected in different environments. You test software on various hardware and software configurations to ensure compatibility and functionality.

Different setups might include various operating systems, network environments, or hardware devices. The goal is to identify any issues that could affect the software’s performance or stability.

As a fresher, you might be asked about the importance of configuration testing. A good answer could be: configuration testing ensures that the application can operate under various systems and conditions, reducing risk of failure when deployed in different user environments.

Q: Why is configuration testing important?

A: Configuration testing is important because it helps ensure the software works correctly across different devices and setups, reducing compatibility issues and enhancing user satisfaction.

40. What is a test harness?

A test harness is a tool used in software testing. It helps automate the testing process by using a collection of software and test data.

The main job of a test harness is to control the execution of tests. It does this by comparing actual outcomes with expected results and reporting on software performance.

You can think of a test harness as a framework. It prepares the right conditions for testing and often includes test scripts and test reports. This helps you check if software is working correctly.

In interviews, you might be asked: “How does a test harness improve testing efficiency?” You could answer that it reduces manual effort, enhances consistency, and allows for repeated tests under various conditions.

As a fresher, you may also need to know that test harnesses can work alongside other tools. These might include test stubs, which simulate components not yet built. This allows for more complete testing during development.

In summary, understanding a test harness is essential in software testing roles. It supports the developers by providing an organised way to test software effectively.

41. Describe Defect Density

Defect density is a metric used to measure the quality of software by determining the number of defects in a specific size of code. It helps you assess how reliable and error-free the software is.

You calculate defect density by dividing the total number of defects by the size of the software. The size can be measured in lines of code or function points. This gives you an average number of defects per unit of code.

You can use defect density to compare different projects or track quality improvements over time. A lower defect density indicates fewer defects and usually better software quality. It helps you identify areas that might need more testing or improvements.

Interview Question: How do you determine if the defect density is acceptable?

Interview Answer: You compare the defect density to industry standards or historical data from similar projects. If it is lower than usual, the software quality may be considered good. Keep in mind that target defect densities can vary depending on the project type and complexity.

42. What is test closure?

Test closure is an essential part of the software testing process. It marks the end of the testing phase. It involves finalising activities to conclude testing. This ensures that testing is complete and results are documented.

During test closure, you confirm that all planned tests have been executed. You also ensure that all identified defects have been addressed. The test reports are reviewed and finalised.

You and your team might conduct postmortem meetings. In these meetings, lessons learned during testing are discussed. These insights help improve future projects and testing processes.

Test closure also includes archiving important documents. These documents include test plans, cases, and outcomes. Proper documentation aids in future reference and audits.

Question: Why is test closure important?
Answer: Test closure is vital because it ensures that all testing activities are completed and documented. It helps identify lessons learned and allows for improvements in future testing efforts.

43. Explain metrics in testing.

Metrics in software testing are essential for keeping track of testing progress and ensuring quality. These measurements help you understand how effective and efficient the testing process is. They offer insight into the performance of test processes and identify areas for improvement.

Different metrics can be used at various stages of testing. For example, test coverage metrics measure the percentage of the software that has been tested. This can help in understanding how much of the code is exercised during the tests.

Defect density is another commonly used metric. This measures the number of defects found in a software component per size unit, like lines of code. It helps in understanding the quality of the software.

Test execution metrics track the number of test cases executed, passed, and failed. These are useful for understanding test progress and help in planning the next steps in the testing process.

A question you might encounter in an interview is: “What is test coverage, and why is it important?”

You can answer that test coverage measures the percentage of code or functionality tested by the test suite. It is vital because it indicates the portion of the software that has been validated for defects, helping to ensure a more reliable and robust application.

44. Define negative testing.

Negative testing is an essential part of the software testing process. It checks how a system behaves with invalid, unexpected, or incorrect inputs. This helps in identifying weaknesses or defects that might not appear with normal usage.

For example, if you test a login system, try entering incorrect passwords or formats to ensure it handles errors properly.

interview question: How does negative testing improve software quality?

answer: Negative testing improves software quality by finding weaknesses that can cause the application to crash or behave unpredictably. It ensures the software is robust and can handle errors gracefully, providing a better user experience.

45. What is positive testing?

Positive testing is a software testing technique.

It focuses on validating that the software behaves as expected with valid input.

The aim is to ensure that the application meets the requirements and functions correctly when used as intended.

You essentially verify that the system works under normal conditions.

In an interview, you might be asked: “How do you conduct positive testing?” You would describe testing the system with expected input values and verifying that all functions and features produce correct outputs.

This helps to confirm that the system behaves correctly in typical use cases.

It is used to determine whether the software does what it is supposed to do without issues.

You might also be asked: “Why is positive testing important?” It helps ensure that users will experience the software as intended, reducing the chance of issues in common scenarios and building confidence in the software’s functionality.

Positive testing can also catch errors when the system fails to perform operations correctly with expected data.

This process supports a smooth user experience by catching bugs before they can affect real-world use.

46. Explain manual testing

Manual testing is the process of manually checking software for defects. As a tester, you perform test cases without automation tools, using your observations and insights to find glitches and ensure the software works as expected. It’s a hands-on job where you play the role of an end user.

While conducting manual testing, you assess if the software meets the specified requirements. You use testers’ knowledge and intuition to verify the application’s functionality, usability, and overall experience. This process helps identify and fix issues early in the development cycle.

Question: What are the primary responsibilities of a manual tester?

Answer: As a manual tester, your main duties include creating and executing test cases, reporting defects, and retesting after fixes. You also communicate with developers to understand issues better and ensure that all product requirements are met. It’s important to document your findings to help improve software quality.

47. Describe automated testing.

Automated testing is a method in which software tools run pre-set test cases on a software application. This helps confirm that the software works as expected. It can save time and reduce the chances of human error in testing.

By using automation, you can rerun tests quickly and check for any issues after changes have been made to the software. This is often done using scripts and testing frameworks that handle repetitive tasks.

In an interview, you might be asked: What tools are commonly used in automated testing? You could answer that some popular tools include Selenium, JUnit, and TestNG, depending on the programming language and application type. Each tool has its strengths and may suit different needs.

Automated testing usually works well with large projects where the same tests need to be run many times. It’s important to remember, though, that not every test can be automated. Manual testing is still useful for cases that require human judgment.

To excel in automated testing, you should be familiar with programming languages like Java or Python. Understanding how to write test scripts and work with automation tools is vital in this field. This skill set is sought after in the software development process, especially as projects become more complex.

48. What is a test script?

A test script is a set of instructions used to test whether a software application functions correctly. It outlines the steps to be taken, the inputs to be used, and the expected results. This allows testers to systematically verify that each part of a software application behaves as expected.

In an interview, you might be asked, “Why are test scripts important?” Your answer should highlight their role in ensuring consistency in testing. They help automate repetitive testing tasks, reducing the chance for human errors. They also serve as a record of tests performed, aiding future testing efforts.

Another question could be, “What components make up a test script?” You would mention the key elements like test case ID, description, prerequisites, test steps, expected results, and actual results. Understanding these components shows you can create clear, effective test scripts and interpret their outcomes accurately.

49. Define Test Management

Test management is the practice of planning, controlling, and overseeing software testing activities. It involves a set of processes and tools that help you organise and guide testing efforts effectively. By using test management, you ensure each part of the software is evaluated properly, reducing risks and improving quality.

You will deal with defining test objectives, creating test plans, and coordinating test resources. This also includes managing test environments, setting up test schedules, and tracking the progress of testing activities.

Effective test management also means keeping detailed records of test cases and results. You need to analyse these results to identify any issues in the software and ensure they are fixed before release.

A key part of test management is the use of specialised software tools. These tools assist you in organising and executing test cases, managing defects, and producing reports.

In the interview, you might be asked: “How would you track and manage defects during testing?” You could answer: “I would use a defect management tool to log, track, and prioritise defects. Regular updates and communication with the development team would be essential to ensure that defects are addressed promptly.”

50. Explain QA vs QC

In a software testing interview, you might be asked: What is the difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC)?

QA is a proactive process. It focuses on preventing defects in the development of products. QA involves process-oriented activities like planning, documentation, and guidelines to ensure product quality. It is about improving and developing the processes that create the end product.

QC is a reactive process. It identifies defects in the finished products. QC involves activities like testing and inspecting to ensure the final product meets standards. This process is focused on detecting issues and ensuring that the product works as expected before it is released.

While QA deals with processes, QC deals with product output. QA aims to improve development and test processes, so that issues do not occur in the first place. QC ensures that any defects in the product are identified and corrected.

In an interview, it’s important to show you understand both QA and QC are essential for maintaining high quality. They work together to build reliable and safe software products. Knowing the difference can highlight your understanding of quality management in software development.

51. Describe code coverage

Code coverage is a metric used to measure how much of your code is tested by automated tests. It helps you see which parts of a program are executed when tests are run.

Code coverage can guide you in identifying untested parts and areas needing additional tests. It also improves software reliability by ensuring more code is tested.

In interviews, you might be asked the following:

Question: What is code coverage, and why is it important in software testing?

Answer: Code coverage is important because it shows the extent to which the source code has been tested. It helps detect areas in the code that are not covered by tests, allowing improvements in test coverage and overall code quality.

52. What is risk-based testing?

Risk-based testing is a method used in software testing to focus on the most critical parts of a software application. It involves identifying potential risks in the software that could cause failures and then prioritising tests based on these risks. This allows you to concentrate resources on areas that might have the greatest impact if they were to fail.

In this approach, you assess the level of risk associated with different parts of the software. The level of risk is determined by the likelihood of a problem occurring and the potential harm it could cause. For instance, a part of the software that is used frequently by users or controls essential functions would be considered high risk.

A common interview question related to this topic might be: “How do you decide which test cases to prioritise in risk-based testing?” Your answer should emphasise evaluating the risk level by considering both the probability of failure and the severity of its impact. This ensures that you will pay more attention to testing areas with high risk.

Using risk-based testing helps in optimising the testing process. By focusing on the most crucial aspects, you can make the testing phase more efficient and effective. This approach also helps in managing limited testing resources better, ensuring that time and effort are spent where they are most needed.

53. Explain cross-browser testing

Cross-browser testing is vital in ensuring that a website or web application works properly across all major web browsers. As different browsers may render web pages differently, it is important to verify that the user experience is consistent. This ensures that the site appears and behaves the same for all users, no matter what browser they use.

To perform cross-browser testing, you typically use tools like Selenium or BrowserStack. These tools allow you to automate the testing process and check your application on various browsers and operating systems. Automated tests save time and reduce the risk of missing important issues that could occur on specific browsers.

In an interview, you might be asked: “How do you ensure your tests cover all possible browser scenarios?” You could reply, “I identify the most commonly used browsers and versions among our target audience. Then, I use testing tools to create and run automated scripts that test critical functions on these browsers, ensuring broad coverage.”

Cross-browser testing involves not just desktop browsers but also mobile platforms. Ensuring compatibility across devices requires testing on different screen sizes and orientations. By doing this, you can confirm that your application offers a seamless experience, regardless of how users access it.

54. Define static testing

Static testing is a software testing technique that examines the code and documentation without executing the program.

This type of testing allows you to find errors early, before running the application. It includes reviewing documents, code inspections, and walkthroughs.

One benefit of static testing is that it can identify potential errors and bugs in the early stages of development. This can save time and resources later.

In static testing, you might use checklists to ensure that the code meets design standards and requirements. This process does not require a working program and is often led by developers or testers.

Interview Question: “What is the main advantage of static testing compared to dynamic testing?”

Answer: “The main advantage of static testing is that it can detect errors early in the development process, reducing the cost and effort needed for fixes. It provides feedback on code quality without executing the program, which helps in maintaining standards and improving the overall quality of the software.”

55. What is dynamic testing?

Dynamic testing is a process where you check the software by running it. It involves executing the code to find any defects or bugs.

You get to see the software in action, testing how it behaves with different inputs. This helps in finding issues like crashes, incorrect outputs, or slow performance.

Often used in later stages of software development, dynamic testing can be manual or automated. Manual testing involves human testers, while automated testing uses tools to run test cases.

Dynamic testing is different from static testing, where the code is checked without execution. In dynamic testing, you can use tools and scripts to help automate repetitive tasks.

One interview question might be: “How would you approach debugging a failing test case in dynamic testing?” You should consider describing steps like reviewing logs, checking recent code changes, and consulting with team members to solve the problem.

56. Describe pair testing.

Pair testing is a collaborative approach where two testers work together on the same task. One person typically handles the execution of the tests, while the other observes and offers insights or identifies issues. This can enhance the testing process by bringing different perspectives to the table.

In an interview, you might be asked: “Why is pair testing useful in software testing?” You could respond with: “Pair testing is useful because it allows two testers to combine their skills and knowledge. It often leads to the discovery of more defects as they can discuss and notice things that a single tester might miss.”

Using pair testing can also improve communication within the team. It fosters a better understanding of each other’s thought processes and testing techniques. This approach can be particularly beneficial when a less experienced tester pairs up with a more experienced one.

Additionally, pair testing can lead to shared learning experiences. It can help in building a more cohesive team, as testers learn to collaborate effectively. It encourages the sharing of best practices and innovative ideas, ultimately leading to more thorough testing outcomes.

When explaining pair testing in an interview, emphasise how working together can uncover more software defects and improve overall quality. Mention that it can also accelerate the learning curve for freshers, helping them gain insights from their more experienced peers.

57. What is fishbone diagram in testing?

A fishbone diagram, also known as a cause-and-effect diagram, is a tool that helps identify the root causes of a problem in software testing. It is shaped like a fish skeleton. The head of the fish is the problem or the effect, and the bones are the potential causes leading to it.

In testing, you can use fishbone diagrams to systematically explore different factors that may lead to software defects. This tool is useful for teams to brainstorm and organise their thoughts on causes of problems.

Question: Can you explain how a fishbone diagram would help you in a testing project?

Answer: In a testing project, a fishbone diagram can help by visually mapping out all possible causes of a defect. This allows testers to tackle the root of the issue rather than just treating the symptoms, making the defect resolution process more efficient.

58. Define system integration testing

System integration testing is a crucial phase in the software testing process. It ensures that different modules or components of a software application work together as expected. This phase comes after individual modules have been tested separately.

In system integration testing, you examine the interactions between integrated systems, often through interfaces like APIs or databases. You verify that these components, when combined, correctly perform required functions.

You may encounter both internal and external integrations. Internal involves components within the same application. External involves systems that interact with outside applications or platforms.

Interview Question: What is system integration testing, and why is it important?

Relative Answer: System integration testing is the process of testing joined modules to ensure they work together correctly. It is important because it catches interface defects and ensures that combined components meet all requirements.

59. Explain modular testing.

Modular testing is a method where you test individual components or modules of a software application separately. This approach allows you to check each part’s functionality before integrating it into the entire system. By isolating each module, you can identify and fix bugs more efficiently.

Each module is tested using its own set of test cases. Test cases are written to ensure that the module behaves as expected under various conditions. You aim to ensure that the module performs correctly in isolation, without any interference from other parts.

Modular testing is beneficial because it makes debugging easier. When a test fails, you only need to focus on a small part of the code. This helps pinpoint the problem more quickly and reduces the complexity of finding errors across the entire system.

It also supports reusability and maintainability. Since each module is self-contained, changes to one module won’t significantly affect others. This makes it easier to update or modify the software over time.

Interview Question

Question: What benefits does modular testing provide?

Answer: Modular testing allows for easier debugging and maintenance by testing individual components separately. It helps identify issues within specific modules, supports code reusability, and simplifies updates, as changes to one module typically don’t affect others. This approach ensures that each module functions correctly before integration into the larger system.

60. Describe test prioritisation

Test prioritisation is an essential technique in software testing. It helps you decide which tests to run first. This process involves evaluating different aspects like risk, frequency of use, and impact on the user. By doing so, you ensure the most important parts of the software are checked first.

In an interview, you might be asked: “How would you prioritise tests in a project?” Your answer could explain that you consider the business impact, functionality, and potential risks. Tests that cover critical functions or features that users frequently access should be prioritised.

You also need to think about the project’s timelines and available resources. If time is limited, focus on high-risk areas and essential functionalities. Communicating with your team and stakeholders can also help in setting priorities more effectively.

Prioritisation helps in efficient resource allocation. It ensures that any major issues are caught early, reducing the time and cost associated with fixing them later. As a fresher, showing your understanding of test prioritisation can highlight your strategic thinking and awareness of practical testing challenges.

61. What is test execution?

Test execution is the phase in software testing where you run the test cases or scripts you have prepared.

The aim is to check if the software works as expected. You compare the results from the execution with the expected outcomes to identify any discrepancies.

During the process, you might use tools to automate certain repetitive tasks. Automated testing can save time and make test execution more efficient.

It’s important to log any issues or bugs you find during test execution. This helps developers fix problems and improve the software.

Interview Question: How would you handle a test case that fails during test execution?

Answer: If a test case fails, first I would verify the test case steps to ensure correct execution. Then, I’d document the failure details and compare them with requirements. If it’s a genuine defect, I’d report it to the development team with all necessary information.

62. Define Acceptance Criteria

Acceptance criteria are specific conditions that a software product must satisfy to be approved by users or stakeholders. They are used to confirm that the software functions as intended and meets user needs. You might encounter these in Agile projects as part of a user story.

They offer clarity for both the development and testing teams, ensuring everyone understands what is required. Defined by the product owner or stakeholders, these criteria help eliminate ambiguity.

In practice, acceptance criteria can be written in simple language and focus on user perspectives. For example, using the format of “Given, When, Then” can create clear scenarios that describe expected behaviour.

A typical question asked to a fresher in a software testing interview is: “Why are acceptance criteria important?” A thoughtful answer could be, “They ensure that everyone understands the requirements. They serve as a checklist to verify that the software meets necessary standards before delivery.”

63. Explain defect report

A defect report is a document created during software testing to record any flaws or bugs found in the software. It helps development teams understand and fix these issues. Keeping track of defects ensures that problems are not overlooked and allows for effective communication between testers and developers.

You should include specific details in a defect report. Start with an identifier or the number given to the defect. Make sure to describe the problem clearly, including what was expected and what actually happened. Include steps to reproduce the defect, environment details, and any screenshots or logs that could help understand the issue.

The priority and severity of a defect are also crucial. Priority indicates how soon a defect should be fixed, while severity refers to the impact on the application’s functionality. Understanding these terms can help you effectively communicate the importance of fixing each defect.

Example Question for Freshers:

What components would you include in a defect report, and why is each important?

Sample Answer:

You should include an identifier, defect description, steps to reproduce, environment details, screenshots or logs, priority, and severity. An identifier tracks the defect. The description and steps help developers understand and recreate the issue. Environment details ensure that the defect is relevant. Priority and severity indicate how critical the defect is to the application’s performance.

64. Describe shift-left testing.

Shift-left testing is a method in software testing where tests are performed earlier in the development process. This is different from the traditional approach where testing usually occurs towards the end. By adopting shift-left testing, you aim to identify and fix defects early, reducing the time and cost involved later.

In shift-left testing, you work closely with developers through every stage of the software lifecycle. This collaboration helps you understand the requirements better and write more effective test cases. Being involved from the beginning also allows you to catch potential issues before they become major problems.

For instance, when requirements are being gathered, you can start identifying possible test scenarios. During design and coding phases, reviewing and offering feedback becomes crucial in maintaining quality. This proactive approach can lead to a more robust and error-free product.

A common question in interviews might be: “Why is shift-left testing important?” A good answer would be: Shift-left testing is important because it uncovers defects early, improves quality, and saves time and costs.

The approach ensures that everyone in the team, from developers to testers, are on the same page. It promotes a shared responsibility for product quality, rather than shifting it to a single phase or team.

65. What is behaviour-driven development?

Behaviour-driven development (BDD) is a software development process. It focuses on improving communication between developers, testers, and business professionals. The goal is to ensure that everyone has a clear understanding of the project’s requirements.

BDD centres around the behaviour of the system. It looks at what the end user expects and how the system should respond. This helps in creating better software that meets real needs.

To make it simple, BDD uses examples to clarify requirements. These are written in a way that’s easy for both technical and non-technical people to follow.

One tool commonly used in BDD is Cucumber. Cucumber lets you describe software behaviour in plain language. This makes it easier for all stakeholders to get involved in the development process.

A possible interview question could be: “How does BDD differ from TDD?” In BDD, the process starts with a discussion about user stories and expected behaviour. In Test-driven development (TDD), the focus is more on writing tests before code.

Using BDD, you can enhance collaboration, speed up the development process, and create software that aligns closely with user needs.

66. Define continuous testing.

Continuous testing is an important concept in the software development process. It involves running automated tests frequently to provide fast and ongoing feedback on the business risks associated with a software release.

In continuous testing, you integrate testing into the development pipeline. This means tests are automatically executed each time there is a code change.

This approach helps in catching defects early, reducing the time spent on fixing them later. It ensures that the software remains stable throughout the development phases.

Continuous testing covers different types of tests, such as unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests. Integrating these into the development process ensures that new features do not break existing functionality.

Interview Question:

Q: Why is continuous testing important in software development?

A: Continuous testing allows for early detection of bugs, ensures the quality of the software remains intact, and supports quick feedback on code changes. This leads to a faster release cycle and improves collaboration between development and testing teams.

67. Explain Confirmation Testing

Confirmation testing, often called re-testing, involves running tests again on fixed defects. When a defect is reported during a test, developers fix it, and the software is then tested again to ensure the issue is resolved. This process confirms that the specific problem is addressed and that the fix works as expected.

In an interview, you might be asked to describe the importance of confirmation testing. You can say that it ensures the reliability and quality of the software. By verifying that issues have been fixed correctly, it prevents future problems.

Be prepared to discuss how confirmation testing contributes to software development. Your response could highlight that it saves time and resources by catching errors early. It also builds confidence in the software’s performance and stability before it goes live.

For a fresher, an interview question might be: “Why is confirmation testing crucial in the software testing lifecycle?” A possible answer could be: “Confirmation testing is crucial because it verifies fixes, ensuring defects are resolved. This helps maintain software quality and reliability.”

68. Describe Test Schedule

The test schedule is an essential part of the software testing process. It outlines the timeline and sequence of testing activities. As a fresher, you might be asked about the importance of a test schedule during an interview.

A good test schedule helps in managing resources efficiently. It ensures that all testing activities are completed on time, which is crucial for meeting project deadlines.

You should know that creating a test schedule involves identifying test tasks and estimating the time needed for each task.

Questions like, “How do you prioritise tasks in a test schedule?” could be asked. A good response would be to say that you consider the risk level, dependency of tasks, and deadline needs.

Having a clear schedule also allows for smooth communication within the team. It helps testers keep track of progress, making it easier to identify any delays.

Another common question might be, “How do you handle changes to the test schedule?” You could answer by explaining the need for flexibility and how adjustments are made by reassessing priorities and timelines.

Understanding how to work with a test schedule demonstrates good organisational skills and attention to detail.

These qualities are highly valued in the software testing field. Knowing this information ensures you are prepared to discuss test schedules effectively during your interview.

69. What is defect containment?

Defect containment in software testing refers to the measures and strategies used to identify and address defects early in the software development life cycle. This process is essential to minimise the impact of defects on the final product.

By finding issues early, you can reduce the time and cost involved in fixing them later.

You might be asked in an interview: “How does defect containment benefit a software project?” Your answer could revolve around the notion that early detection prevents defects from propagating through subsequent stages. This increases the product’s quality and reduces rework, making the process more efficient and cost-effective.

Understanding defect containment helps you to anticipate potential issues before they become significant problems. This approach improves the overall quality of the software by ensuring that less effort is needed to fix defects later in the development process. Having effective defect containment practices can be a key aspect of successful software testing.

70. Define bug leakage

Bug leakage happens when a defect is found by the end-user or customer instead of by the testing team. This indicates that the testing team did not catch the bug during testing, leading to potential issues after the software’s release. Proper testing and reviews can help minimise bug leakage.

In an interview, you might be asked, “What strategies can be used to prevent bug leakage?” Your answer could include ensuring thorough testing, improving test coverage, or employing different test cases and environments to identify more issues before release. This focus on detail can enhance your testing effectiveness and build client trust in the software quality.

71. Explain Requirement Traceability

Requirement traceability involves tracking and connecting requirements throughout a project’s lifecycle. It ensures that every requirement is met during development and testing. This process helps in maintaining alignment between the initial objectives and the final product.

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is often used in this process. It links requirements to test cases. RTM helps in identifying any missed requirements or changes in scope. It is vital for meeting customer needs and ensuring quality.

During an interview, you may be asked: How do you use a Requirement Traceability Matrix in software testing?

You could answer: In software testing, I use a Requirement Traceability Matrix to track the development and testing of each requirement. It helps ensure that all requirements are tested and fulfilled, and highlights any gaps or issues that need attention. This process supports delivering a product that meets all specified requirements.

72. What is test-driven development?

Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a software development process. In TDD, you write tests before the actual code. The idea is to create small, specific tests for each feature or function. These tests are meant to fail at first since there is no code yet.

Once the test is written, you write the minimum code necessary to make the test pass. After ensuring the test passes, you may then improve or refactor the code. This method helps catch bugs early and ensure your code meets its requirements.

TDD promotes better design and encourages simple solutions. By writing tests first, you ensure each piece of code is only added when it’s truly needed. This can lead to cleaner and more efficient code.

Question you may encounter in an interview: Why use TDD in software development? You might say TDD helps maintain high code quality by ensuring everything is tested from the start. It makes detecting and fixing errors simpler and keeps the code more reliable.

73. Describe decision table testing.

Decision table testing is a technique used in software testing to deal with combinations of inputs and their corresponding outputs. This method helps you understand complex business rules that involve multiple conditions.

You create a table listing possible conditions and the actions resulting from each condition.

A decision table is valuable for its clarity in identifying different input combinations. This approach makes it easier for you to see all possible scenarios, helping ensure that none are missed during testing.

By using this table, you systematically verify that the software behaves correctly for each condition.

Question: How is decision table testing useful in software testing?

Answer: Decision table testing helps you manage complex conditions by clearly mapping out all possible input combinations and their outcomes. This ensures thorough test coverage and helps you identify any gaps or missing logic in the implementation.

74. What is mutation testing?

Mutation testing is a technique used to assess the quality of software tests. In this process, small changes, called mutations, are made to the program’s code. These changes might involve altering conditions, statement modification, or using incorrect operators.

The main goal is to determine if existing test cases can detect these changes. If the test cases catch the mutations, they’re considered effective. If not, it indicates potential weaknesses in the tests.

Mutation testing helps improve the robustness of test suites. By revealing gaps, it encourages you to create more comprehensive test cases. This can be particularly useful in detecting hidden errors.

In interviews, you might be asked how mutation testing contributes to software quality. You could explain that it helps by ensuring that the test cases are capable of catching potential faults in the code, leading to more reliable software products.

75. Explain test environment setup.

Setting up a test environment is a crucial step in software testing. It involves creating a space where testing activities can take place safely. This space should mimic the actual production environment as closely as possible.

To begin, you need to establish the necessary hardware and software configurations. This setup should include the required operating system, network settings, and any relevant software applications.

Creating test data is another essential part of this process. Test data should reflect real-world scenarios and help you validate the functionality of the application.

It’s important to ensure all security measures are in place. The environment should be secure to protect sensitive information and maintain data integrity throughout testing.

You may also need to integrate third-party systems. These systems should be set up and tested to ensure they communicate effectively with your software.

A common interview question related to this topic might be: “Why is it important to mirror the production environment in testing?” This question tests your understanding of the importance of consistency between different environments to catch potential discrepancies early.

By understanding how to set up a test environment, you can ensure the software is tested under realistic conditions, leading to more accurate results and a smoother transition to production.

Fundamentals of Software Testing

When you’re starting out in software testing, it’s crucial to grasp the testing lifecycle and key concepts such as test cases and defect tracking. Understanding these core elements will build a strong foundation for your future work.

Understanding the Testing Lifecycle

The software testing lifecycle involves several stages that ensure a product’s quality. It starts with requirement analysis, where you assess what the software should achieve. You then move to test planning, which involves outlining strategies and resources.

Next, in the test case development phase, you write detailed instructions to verify how the software behaves under various conditions. Test environment setup follows, where you prepare the necessary hardware and software conditions.

Once the environment is ready, you conduct test execution, running the test cases. Finally, during test closure, you review and document the findings, ensuring the software meets all requirements before release.

Key Concepts in Software Testing

In software testing, several concepts are essential for effective results. Test cases are specific conditions under which you assess whether a software function works correctly. Ensuring these are clear and comprehensive is vital to cover all scenarios.

Defect tracking involves identifying, documenting, and managing errors in the software. This process ensures that all issues are addressed before the product goes live. You also encounter terms like black-box testing, where tests are done without knowing the internal workings, and white-box testing, where the tester is aware of the internal structure.

Regression testing checks if new changes have adversely affected existing features. Familiarity with these concepts allows you to approach testing systematically and efficiently.

Common Interview Topics

When preparing for software testing interviews as a fresher, it’s crucial to focus on key areas such as different testing methodologies and the process of bug tracking and reporting. Understanding these topics can greatly enhance your readiness and confidence during interviews.

Testing Methodologies

Testing methodologies are essential for structured software evaluation. You should be familiar with various types like Black Box Testing, where testers focus on inputs and outputs without internal knowledge, and White Box Testing, which requires understanding the internal structure of software.

Agile Testing is prominent today due to its iterative nature. This involves continuous testing as the product develops. Regression Testing ensures new changes don’t adversely impact existing functionality.

Use Unit Testing for evaluating individual components. It’s important to understand how test cases are designed and prioritised within different methodologies.

Bug Tracking and Reporting

Bug tracking is vital for maintaining software quality. You should know about tools like JIRA or Bugzilla for managing bugs. Each tool helps document, prioritise, and track bug fixes efficiently.

When it comes to reporting bugs, clarity is key. You must include steps to reproduce the bug, expected versus actual outcomes, and any relevant screenshots or logs.

The bug’s severity and priority should be clearly identified. Understanding how to communicate these aspects effectively can significantly impact the development process, ensuring quicker resolution and better software quality.

Preparing for Software Testing Interviews

Preparing for software testing interviews involves understanding key concepts, practising common questions, and potentially acquiring certifications that can give you an edge. This will boost your confidence and competency.

Tips for Freshers

As a fresher, you should focus on the basics and build a strong foundation in software testing principles. Start by familiarising yourself with different testing methods like manual and automated testing. Knowing the software development cycle is also crucial.

Practising with mock interviews can help you answer questions more fluently. Reviewing common questions will be beneficial. You might encounter questions like, “What is software testing?” or “Why is testing important?”

Join online forums or study groups. Discussions can provide insights and help clarify difficult topics. Creating a study schedule can keep you organised and ensure you cover all necessary topics before the interview.

Role of Certifications in Career Development

Certifications can enhance your credibility and show your commitment to learning new skills. They are recognised by many employers and can set you apart from other candidates. Some popular certifications are ISTQB Foundation Level and Certified Software Tester (CSTE).

Such certifications indicate a certain level of competence and understanding of testing processes. They cover various aspects of software testing, from basics to more advanced levels. While not mandatory, they can advance your career and might lead to higher-paying opportunities.

It’s important to weigh the benefits and decide if obtaining a certification aligns with your career goals. Consider the cost and time investment involved, ensuring it fits within your career plans.

Frequently Asked Questions

What distinguishes manual testing from automation testing?

Manual testing involves human testers executing test cases without using scripts. Automation testing uses tools and scripts to perform tests and compares actual outcomes with expected results. Manual testing is flexible and suitable for exploratory testing. Automation is efficient for repetitive tasks and regression testing.

Can you explain the different stages of the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)?

The STLC includes several phases: requirements analysis, test planning, test case development, environment setup, test execution, and test closure. Each stage ensures the product meets quality standards, from identifying needs to completing tests and analysing results.

What are the key differences between black-box testing and white-box testing?

Black-box testing focuses on input and output without considering internal code structure. Testers assess functionality based on requirements. White-box testing involves examining internal code and logic. Testers require programming skills to ensure code operations align with specifications.

In software testing, what is a test plan and what does it typically include?

A test plan is a detailed document outlining the testing strategy, objectives, resources, schedule, and scope of a testing activity. It typically includes test items, test deliverables, responsible personnel, and risk assessment. It serves as a guide for the testing process.

How do you prioritise test cases when time for testing is limited?

Prioritising test cases involves assessing their importance to the application’s functionality and potential impact if they fail. Start with critical features, high-risk areas, and recently changed code. Use a risk-based approach and focus on essential user scenarios.

What are some common types of software testing a fresher should be familiar with?

Freshers should be familiar with unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Unit testing evaluates individual components, integration testing focuses on interfacing modules, system testing checks complete applications, and acceptance testing verifies product compliance with requirements.